Overview
Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy is a treatment used to target and destroy overactive thyroid tissue or thyroid cancer cells. It is most commonly used to treat conditions like hyperthyroidism and certain types of thyroid cancer, such as papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma. Radioactive iodine is absorbed primarily by thyroid cells, making it a highly effective and targeted therapy that minimizes damage to other tissues in the body.
Procedure
During radioactive iodine therapy, the patient ingests a capsule or liquid containing radioactive iodine (I-131). Once inside the body, the iodine is absorbed primarily by the thyroid gland, where it emits radiation to destroy overactive thyroid cells or remaining thyroid tissue following thyroid surgery. The procedure is usually performed on an outpatient basis, but in certain cases, hospitalization may be required, especially if a higher dose is needed for cancer treatment. The therapy itself is painless, and patients may be advised to avoid close contact with others for several days to reduce radiation exposure to those around them.
Benefits and Risks
The main benefit of radioactive iodine therapy is its ability to specifically target thyroid cells, leading to the resolution of hyperthyroidism or the destruction of residual cancerous thyroid tissue with minimal side effects to other organs. RAI is a non-invasive treatment option and can significantly reduce the need for surgery in hyperthyroid patients. However, there are risks associated with the treatment, including the potential for hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), which may require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Other risks include dry mouth, altered taste, and damage to the salivary glands. Rarely, secondary cners cn develop years after RAI. Your doctor will discuss these risks and the benefits with you before beginning treatment.
Recovery and Follow-Up
Recovery from radioactive iodine therapy is generally quick. Most patients can resume normal activities within a few days, though it may take weeks or months for the full effect of the treatment to be seen. Patients are typically monitored through regular blood tests to check thyroid hormone levels and ensure the effectiveness of the therapy. In cases of thyroid cancer, follow-up may include imaging studies to confirm that the cancer has been fully treated. Long-term thyroid hormone replacement therapy may be necessary if hypothyroidism develops following treatment.
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